JC: Cricoid Pressure and RSI, do we still need it? St Emlyn’s

This blog reviews the first large randomised controlled trial of cricoid pressure in emergency patients as published in JAMA Surgery, October 2018.

Cricoid pressure is controversial. Although it has been taught in anaesthesia practice, since it’s original description by Sellick1, as an essential requirement when performing RSI, the evidence for its benefit and lack of risk is far from compelling2,3. The late Dr John Hinds famously brought this to the attention of the #FOAMed world in his ‘Cricolol’ presentation concluding that the evidence for its effectiveness was very poor indeed. If you’ve never seen that presentation then you can watch it on the link below from EMCRIT.

John’s presentation was hilarious but even he would admit that the major problem was a lack of definitive evidence. This month we have the publication of the larget trial to date on the use of cricoid pressure in emergency patients4. You can read the paper here and it appears to be open access at the moment. Read the abstract below, but don’t forget to read the full paper online.

What kind of study is this?

Refreshingly it’s a randomised controlled trial. As cricoid is an intervention then it is entirely appropriate design. Interestingly it is a non-inferiority trial of which we will lean more later. In essence the authors have designed a trial not to demonstrate a difference between cricoid and no cricoid, but to ask whether a lack of cricoid is inferior to the use of cricoid pressure.

Tell me about the patients

This is important as the risks associated with aspiration on the induction of anaesthesia vary depending on the patient group. In this study they looked at operating room patients who were at potential risk of aspiration for reasons such as obesity, hiatus hernia, lack of fasting etc. In this respect they were similar to ED patients but not entirely, the ED patient population is arguably even more risky. The point is that this was an at risk group and therefore not unreasonable as a group to study. Only adults were included and the pregnant population were excluded.

They recruited 3472 patients in 10 French hospitals between 2014 and 2017.

What about the intervention?

Basically patients were randomised to cricoid pressure or to sham pressure where the operator put their hands in position but did not press down. Paralysis was almost always achieved with suxamethonium, but other elements of induction such as opiates and induction agent were left to the discretion of the anaesthetist.

The primary outcome was evidence of aspiration either at the time of laryngoscopy or on subsequent tracheal aspiration.

What about the results?

The primary outcome of aspiration was no different in the two groups; 0.6% in the cricoid group and 0.5% in the sham group. On the authors statistical analysis they argue that they failed to demonstrate the noninferiority of the sham procedure. However, the trial recruitment targets were based on an estimated prevalence of aspiration of 2.8% which is far higher. The effect of this lower prevalence in the study means that the study is effectively underpowered to detect the inferiority margins (a 50% difference) that the authors sought. Indeed the potential differences the authors were considering were actually quite large even with a 2.8% prediction of aspiration rate.

So we have ended up with an underpowered trial and thus it is tempting to dismiss the results, but perhaps we should think again. The results tell us that the incidence of aspiration is actually very low, and that there does not appear to be any signal that cricoid affects the incidence of aspiration. If you are interested in this sort of thing you can use an online stats calculator to work out what the sample size required would be for a study that assumed an aspiration rate of 0.5% and which sought to investigate a non-inferiority rate of 1.5x the expected (a difference they sought in this study). I’ll save you the trouble and tell you that my estimate is that it’s roughly a trial recruiting about 34,000 patients, so 9-10 times the number of patients in this study5.

If you are feeling particularly nerdy then you might ask yourself what the confidence intervals around the rate of aspiration are across the whole cohort. This is a bit naughty as a post hoc thought, but if we consider the overall rate of aspiration in this study to be 19 patients in 3472 studied then the event rate overall is 0.55% and the confidence intervals go from 0.3% to 0.8%. So basically this is a pretty rare event and thus any intervention that you are going to use to affect the overall rate is going to have a very large NNT unless it is incredibly effective, which on the results of this trial seem highly unlikely.

That’s the primary outcome, but what about the secondary outcomes? They also looked at difficulty, laryngoscopy and intubation times and in this respect there were arguably advantages to the sham technique, but the importance of these clinically is probably not that great.

You should also look at other reviews of this paper that place the results in context.

What’s the clinical bottom line?

On the basis of this and other trials there is no compelling evidence for the use of cricoid pressure in operating department patients, but there is no real evidence of serious harm either. It looks likely that laryngoscopy may be easier without it in place.

So on balance, and arguably not on the strongest of evidence cricoid pressure is probably not doing a great deal in this group of patients. However, there are groups of patients in whom this evidence clearly does not apply, the pregnant, the paediatric, and perhaps those in whom regurgitation is extremely likely such as small bowel obstruction. In those cases I’ll take the judgement of an expert anaethetist every time. We must always be cautious in extending the evidence beyond the patient populations it was created with.

Specifically for us in the ED we don’t know whether we can directly transfer that opinion yo our patients. However, other studies, albeit smaller and less rigorous ones also question the effectiveness of cricoid in emergency patients8–11. In Virchester I’ll carry on not using it in most cases, but I accept that this is an evidence light decision.

vb

S

References

1.
SELLICK B. Cricoid pressure to control regurgitation of stomach contents during induction of anaesthesia. Lancet. 1961;2(7199):404-406. [PubMed]
2.
Neilipovitz DT, Crosby ET. No evidence for decreased incidence of aspiration after rapid sequence induction. C. 2007;54(9):748-764. doi:10.1007/bf03026872
3.
Algie CM, Mahar RK, Tan HB, Wilson G, Mahar PD, Wasiak J. Effectiveness and risks of cricoid pressure during rapid sequence induction for endotracheal intubation. Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews. November 2015. doi:10.1002/14651858.cd011656.pub2
4.
Cricoid Pressure Compared With a Sham Procedure in Rapid Sequence Induction of Anesthesia. JAMA. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2708019. Published October 17, 2018. Accessed October 20, 2018.
5.
Binary outcome non-inferiority trial. Power and Sample Size calculators. https://www.sealedenvelope.com/power/binary-noninferior/. Published 2018. Accessed October 20, 2018.
6.
Is 30 Newtons of Prevention Worth a Pound of a Cure—Cricoid Pressure. JAMA. https://jamanetwork.com/journals/jamasurgery/fullarticle/2708017. Published October 17, 2018. Accessed October 20, 2018.
7.
Spiegel R. EM Nerd-The Case of the Inferior Superiority. EMCrit Project. https://emcrit.org/emnerd/em-nerd-the-case-of-the-inferior-superiority/. Published October 18, 2018. Accessed October 20, 2018.
8.
Butler J, Sen A. Cricoid pressure in emergency rapid sequence induction. E. 2005;22(11):815-816. doi:10.1136/emj.2005.030205
9.
Ellis D, Harris T, Zideman D. Cricoid pressure in emergency department rapid sequence tracheal intubations: a risk-benefit analysis. Ann Emerg Med. 2007;50(6):653-665. [PubMed]
10.
Harris T, Ellis D, Foster L, Lockey D. Cricoid pressure and laryngeal manipulation in 402 pre-hospital emergency anaesthetics: essential safety measure or a hindrance to rapid safe intubation? Resuscitation. 2010;81(7):810-816. [PubMed]
11.
Nickson C, Chris NicksonFCICM FACEM BSc(Hons) BHB MBChB MClinEpid(ClinTox) DipPaeds DTM&H GCertClinSim Chris is an Intensivist at the Alfred ICU in Melbourne and is an Adjunct Clinical Associate Professor at Monash University. He is also the Innovation Lead for the Australian Centre for Health Innovation and the Chair of the Australian and New Zealand Intensive Care Society (ANZICS) Education Committee. He has a passion for helping clinicians learn and for improving the clinical performance of individuals and collectives. After finishing his medical degree at the University of Auckland, he continued post-graduate training in New Zealand as well as Australia’s Northern Territory, Perth and Melbourne. He has since completed further training in emergency medicine, clinical toxicology, clinical epidemiology and health professional education. He coordinates the Alfred ICU’s education and simulation programmes and runs the unit’s education website, INTENSIVE. He created the “Critically Ill Airway” course and teaches on numerous courses around the world. He is one of the founders of the FOAM movement (Free Open-Access Medical education) and is co-creator of Lifeinthefastlane.com, the RAGE podcast, the Resuscitology course, and the SMACC conference. His one great achievement is being the father of two amazing children. On Twitter, he is @precordialthump. A, Brannigan says      Domhnall, et al. Cricoid pressure. Life in the Fast Lane • LITFL • Medical Blog. https://lifeinthefastlane.com/ccc/cricoid-pressure/. Published June 7, 2018. Accessed October 20, 2018.

Cite this article as: Simon Carley, "JC: Cricoid Pressure and RSI, do we still need it? St Emlyn’s," in St.Emlyn's, October 20, 2018, https://www.stemlynsblog.org/jc-cricoid-pressure-and-rsi-do-we-still-need-it-st-emlyns/.

8 thoughts on “JC: Cricoid Pressure and RSI, do we still need it? St Emlyn’s”

  1. Hi Simon,

    Thanks for your review of this interesting journal article.

    There is one significant error in your editorial which I suggest needs correct. You state that “the authors statistical analysis they found no inferiority between these two results which seems fair.” Actually, the study “failed to demonstrate the noninferiority of the sham procedure”. Please note this is a double negative, so when you say “they found no inferiority between these two results” it is actually quite the opposite! Spiegal’s editorial which you reference, for example, states the primary outcome correctly.

    There are also some other comments in your editorial which I would draw the reader’s attention to:

    You say that “In this respect they were similar to ED patients but not entirely, the ED patient population is arguably even more risky.” This is quite an understatement! 90% of the study participants were actually fasted and had (as far as we can tell) dubious indications for an RSI. The study population did not resemble an ED RSI population at all.

    “So basically this is a pretty rare event…” That’s true in this study population but, as outline, this population is such low risk that no conclusion can be drawn from this.

    In summary, this article was intended to prove the sham cricoid was just as good as real cricoid, but failed to do so. This could either be because the patient selection was too low risk, or because cricoid pressure works. Unfortunately we cannot determine which is the case without further research.

    1. Happy to tighten up on the language. THe point was that the authors suggest that they achieved their objective, I’m not so sure that they did because of the lower than expected event rate.

      Thanks for helping in clarifying.

      S

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